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Optimal allocation of water based on economic and environmental criteria: cases from Bangladesh and Indonesia | |
Author | Mullick, Md. Reaz Akter |
Call Number | AIT Diss. no.WM-10-02 |
Subject(s) | Water resources development--Babgladesh Water resources development--Indonesia |
Note | A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Water Engineering and Management, School of Engineering and Technology |
Publisher | Asian Institute of Technology |
Series Statement | Dissertation ; no. WM-10-02 |
Abstract | The manipulation and alteration of river flow generate significant benefits as well as impact upon ecosystem integrity with loss of ecosystem goods and services, including riparian livelihoods. Poor communities in developing countries are particularly at stake as their lives largely and directly depend on river flows through fishing, navigation and farming activities. Such water-uses bear signi ficant social and economic value, but are often poorly accounted. Ensuring environmental flow (EF) can act positively in preserving these values; nevertheless it results in more competition among water users. Hence, economically efficient yet socially justifiable and environmentally sound water allocation at a river basin scale is an issue of global importance. Tradeoff is obvious in the process but question arises as to what extent the competing water demands can compromisingly be satisfied. In this regard, the research develops a methodology to allocate water optimally between competing sectors including the environment in a river basin scale considering the marginal benefit that each water-use generates. The dissertation comprises two interlaced topics, successively, i.e. (1) estimating total and marginal benefit functions for the off- and in -stream water uses in a river basin and (2) setting up a model that can allocate water optimally among the competing uses. Off-stream water-use is mainly consumptive use of river water (e.g. for irrigati on) that subsequently changes the natural flow regime. In-stream water use refers to use that occurs directly onto the water course (e.g. fisheries, naviga tion). Environmental flow requirements are estimated and considered as constraints in the optimization model. The model is applied to Teesta River, Bangladesh, and Konto River Basin in Indonesia. The Teesta flow is modified through an irrigation barrage inside Bangladesh since 1990. Water uses in the Teesta are irrigation, in stream fishery and navigation. Konto has a reservoir at the upstream since 1970. A series of three hydropower plants are fed from the reservoir and all the plants use the same water. The water is then sent to an irrigation project. Municipal and industrial uses as well as reservoir recreation and fishery also generate benefits. Residual imputation method and yield response to water stress form the basis for establishing the benefit functions for irrigation water use. Income variation of the beneficiaries with the variation of river flow within a year forms benefit functions for instream fishery and navigation. Total benefit for irrigation, fishery and navigation are developed as a quadratic relation with river flow that results in a downward slopping linear marginal benefit function. Marginal benefit for hydropower water use is considered constant slope, whereas a hyperbolic tangent function is developed for estimating benefit for reservoir recreation and fishery. Benefit func tions are used as input to the optimization model ‘Aquarius’. Alternative scenarios are analyzed and tradeoff between benefit maximization and environmental protection is evaluated for the Teesta and Konto River Basin. Current water management practice in both the basins is found generating the maximum benefit; however, EF is not ensured for any of the studied river. For Teesta site, in existing scenario, irrigation benefit and instream benefits are US$ 43.24 million and 0.58 million respectively when only direct instream uses are considered; whereas ensuring EF results in a benefit reduction of US$ 9.25 million. In case of Konto, overall basin benefits are US$ 16.28 and 15.21 million without and with consideration of EF respectively; however, benefits from instream flow have not been measured in this case. Although the measured instream benefits from di rect uses are much lower than offstream benefits in particular for the case study sites, instream flow is critically important for the socio-economy of the local people. Even satisfying the lowest level of EF results in higher level of income for the poor who have flow-based livelihood; this is particularly marked for the Teesta study site. Although non-use benefits and long term environmental benefits of instream flow would change the optimization model outcomes, they have not been considered. Overall benefit can only be increas ed if there is augmentation of flow and improvement of irrigation efficiency. This study can be considered as a pioneering work in valuing the marginal benefit of instream flow and incorporating those benefits into a hydro-economic model. The study also provides in-depth insight into the tradeoff between benefit maximization and environmental protection through provisioning different levels of EF in rivers |
Year | 2011 |
Corresponding Series Added Entry | Asian Institute of Technology. Dissertation ; no. WM-10-02 |
Type | Dissertation |
School | School of Engineering and Technology |
Department | Department of Civil and Infrastucture Engineering (DCIE) |
Academic Program/FoS | Water Engineering and Management (WM) |
Chairperson(s) | Babel, Mukand S. ;Perret, Sylvain R. (Co-Chairperson); |
Examination Committee(s) | Clemente, Roberto S. ;Vilas Nitivattananon ;Schultz, Bart; |
Scholarship Donor(s) | Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway; |
Degree | Thesis (Ph.D.) - Asian Institute of Technology, 2010 |